Bribery & International Monetary Fund

The end of twentieth century and the beginning of new millenium have seen the emergence of bribery from a predominantly political, national or regional concern to an issue receiving global attention. In 1996, the leadership of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) publicly denounced bribery and corruption as an obstacle to economic growth and development.Both institutions vowed to focus on the role of governance in growth and development and to give greater priority to combating bribery in their own programs. That same year, the Organization of American States (OAS) approved the Inter-American Convention against Corruption while the United Nations General Assembly called on member states to â€Å"take effective and concrete action to com ¬bat all forms of corruption, bribery and related illicit practices in international commercial transactions† (Elliot, 2).Elliot defines bribery as â€Å"practice by which an individual who can take decision or action on behalf of others by virtue of his authority or position is influenced by paying or offering monetary benefits for influencing him to take an action or decision which he would not have done otherwise† (Elliot, 4). As a result of the resurgence of interest in bribery as a major global issue, there has emerged a considerable research effort devoted towards detemiining the causes, costs, and consequences of bribery.From the macroeconomic perspective the literature for the most part has focused on the impact of bribery on investment, growth and development, in its analysis of the consequences of bribery. For example, Shleifer and Vishny argue that bribery impedes development and lowers economic growth by discouraging productive investment while Mauro provides tentative empirical evidence for this negative impact of bribery on investment and growth (Shleifer and Vishny, 601, Mauro, 683).There is considerable evidence to indicate that bribery and corruption are common in foreign trad e. The payment of bribes by firms and the receipt of bribes by public officials in the procurement and award of export contracts is a standard business practice in foreign trade. As a high-ranking corporate official has noted, â€Å"All of us involved in international business are aware that certain payments to government officials are quite common and an accepted method of doing business in many parts of the world† (Basche, 2).The US Department of Commerce, National Export Strategy Report (1996), states that since mid-1994, â€Å"we have learned of significant allegations of bribery by foreign firms in 139 international commercial contracts valued at $64 billion†¦Bribery continues to be pivotal in many export competitions, with the bribing companies still winning an estimated 80 percent of the contract decisions† (Tanzi, 363). From practical perspective, bribery manifests in a variety of forms. The bribe need not always be a monetary payment. There are more subtl e forms of bribery such as â€Å"entertain ¬ment expenses†, gifts in kind or gifts of services.The bribe to influence a favorable decision could be the provision of a â€Å"rent-free villa on the French Riviera or an expense-free weekend in Las Vegas† (Jacoby et al, 28). It could be a gift of a house or property or it could be the financing of a relative's education in the university. In addition to such payments, contacts and networks estab ¬lished though ethnic or language links or past dealings may also play a part in influencing the decision to award export contracts. Moreover, the bribe paid in order to obtain an export contract is sometimes regarded as a fixed cost of doing business overseas.Corruption on the federal level is a pervasive and universal phenomenon. It is a rare industry that has not been tainted by a corruption scandal involving the payment or receipt of bribes in the procurement or award of trade contracts. Incidence of bribery has spanned a n umber of industries, ranging from the aircraft, pharmaceutical, machinery and equipment, and chemicals industries to electronics. For instance, a byproduct of the Watergate investigation of the 1970s was the discovery by the Special Prosecutor that US companies were involved in making illegal contributions of corporate funds to domestic political campaigns.This led the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) to investigate these corporations to determine if there had been a violation of federal se ¬curities laws. The SEC investigation revealed a number of corrupt practices including the payment of bribes to foreign officials in order to secure business abroad. Over 400 US compa ¬nies, including 117 of the Fortune 500 companies, were disclosed to have made questionable or illicit foreign payments in excess of $300 million (Sheffet, 290). One of the more prominent investiga ¬tions centered around Lockheed Aircraft.The SEC found that Lockheed had paid millions of dollars in bribes t o high-ranking foreign officials in order to secure aircraft export contracts. Other firms involved in the disclosure of questionable payments associated with export sales were Johnson & Johnson, Colgate-Palmolive Co. , Pfizer Inc. , American Home Products, and others. It was such disclosures that prompted the US Congress to enact the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) which outlaws the bribery of foreign government officials by US firms in order to obtain or maintain business abroad.On a state level corrupt state government is more likely to be involved in transactions that are more personally lucrative rather than those that are more profitable for the state (Shleifer and Vishny, 614-615). In other words, corrupt state officials tend to spend the state budget on sectors which have more bribery and bring more personal gain to them than sectors which have less bribery and less beneficial to them (Shleifer and Vishny, 615).As a result, state can even change â€Å"an invest ment away from the highest value projects, such as health and education, into potentially useless projects, such as unnecessary infrastructure† (Shleifer and Vishny, 616). Shleifer and Vishny point out that this tendency of corrupt state government suggests that many corrupt bodies of power spend more on defense and security than on public services and interests such as education since the former allows larger opportunities of bribery.Thus, according to these researchers analysis, corruption shifts an investment from public services to construction contracts; as a result, corruption reduces spending on education, healthcare and other social projects. WORKS CITED Basche, James R. Jr. , Unusual Foreign Payments: A Survey of the Policies and Practices of U. S. Companies, New York, 1976 Elliot, Kimberly Ann, (ed. ) Corruption and the Global Economy, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1997 Mauro, Paolo, â€Å"Corruption and Growth,† Quarterly Journal of E conomics, Vol.110, No. 3, p. 681-711, August 1995. Sheffet, Mary Jane, â€Å"The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988: Did They Change Corporate Behavior? † Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 14. No. 2, p. 290-300, Fall 1995 Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny. â€Å"Corruption. † The Quarterly Journal of Economics 198(3): 599-617, 1993 Tanzi, Vito, â€Å"Corruption around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope and Cures,† IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 45. No. 4, p. 559-94, D

Barilla Spa (A) Case Study Essay

Executive Summary Sales representatives at the Barilla SpA, world’s largest pasta producer, are seeing customers changing due to long re-order lead-time and frequent stock-outs. Even with a high inventory levels, Barilla is still not able to cope with the fluctuating demand. The fluctuation in demand is seen as the bullwhip effect that is caused by sales strategies that have been put into place that is very product focused. This causes excessive demand from week to week depending on the product that the promotion or incentive is been aimed towards. There is also a lack of data sharing and poor communication throughout the whole supply chain which does not bring visibility for production forecast. With the Just-in-Time Distribution (JITD) that was brought in from the logistics manager, neither internally nor externally is supporting the new system. With the lack of understanding of the new system and the positive results it will bring, it will be hard to convince buy-ins from different angles. The initiative should be tested first from Barilla’s own facilities and prove out the methods and be able to visualize the improvements to the rest of its supply chain. During the implementation and test phase, there should be dedicated teams which monitor the data and metrics coming from the new system. Daily meetings should be held to discuss issues and resolve them as quickly as possible. As inventory levels drop, issues with the distribution system will arise which provides a priority of issues to resolve. Once the system has been proven, the results will be the biggest selling points to have the implementation through the whole supply chain and for everyone to understand its benefits. Issues Identification Barilla is experiencing issues to meet their fluctuating demand from the distribution centers even when carrying additional inventory throughout the supply chain. Brando Vitali has came with a proposal of a Just-in-time Distribution (JITD) but neither the sales team in Barilla or the buyers at the distribution centers are agreeing with the approach. At the same time, these teams are already noticing that our customers are leaving due to the lack of servicing we are able to provide. Distribution centers were asked to carry more inventories to prevent occurrences of stock outs but the suggestion was not accepted. In return, they issued a complaint regarding the number of SKUs Barilla has which makes it impossible to manage and the long manufacturing lead-time due to the tight heat and humidity specifications. Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Fluctuating Demand: The fluctuation in demand is caused by a combination of reasons. The trade promotions and volume discounts that Barilla uses as sales strategies are one of the biggest influences. There were also no limits to the quantities that the distributors are allowed to order per each â€Å"canvass† period. The incentive program for Barilla’s sales representatives is also causing inconsistency to the demand; they would be pushing for the SKU’s that would bring them a higher incentive. Barilla is also experience a growth in their export market; it was expected to reach 20-25% per year. With this increasing growth, Barilla does not have any sophisticated forecasting technique that would prepare them to meet the demand. There is a minimal visibility for Barilla to see where the volatility is in the demand is coming from. This is creating the Bullwhip Effect throughout their whole supply chain. The poor communication and cooperation between retailers, distribution centers and manufacturer is the reason that they all are maintaining higher inventory than required. Resistance to Changes: There were many resistances to this new initiative when it was being brought up internally and externally. When there is a lack of understanding of the results that a new initiative will bring, there will always be resistance to change. Sales team fears that that they would see a reduction of responsibilities and distribution centers were defensive when they misinterpret the approach as saying they don’t know what they are doing. Alternative and/or Options Alternative #1 – Continue to promote the Just-in-time Distribution (JITD) initiative To be able to eliminate the Bullwhip Effect, there must be an increase in visibility through the whole supply chain. With better communication and an understanding and trust between vendors, it will eliminate the volatility in demand. This will improve the service levels from distributors to retailers and at the same time reduce the inventory carrying cost. With the visibility, it will better Barilla to forecast their demand and improve their production planning process. While achieving this, it will reduce their manufacturing cost and their inventory cycle. Alternative #2 – Eliminate product focus sales strategies Instead of promoting particular products in each canvass period that will cause excessive demand, Barilla should maintain a constant competitive pricing through the year. Barilla should also eliminate their product-focus incentive policy for their sales representative and create incentive programs that will not allow them to focus on a particular SKU. Recommendations and Implementation Barilla should continue to promote the Just-in-Time Distribution initiative. As this is a new concept for the distributors and retailers, Barilla should prove out this initiative at their own facility. With the results, they can then have bigger bargaining power to promote this idea to its whole supply chain. As for anything else to be successful in a company, it is important for top management to be actively involved. Employees need to be aware of the importance of this project in order for it to be successful and for them to understand positive results it will bring to the company. During the implementation, there would be decrease in inventory levels. Before, the inventory levels were used as a buffer to hide the problems that prevents us from working with a lower inventory level. As we decrease the inventory levels, the problems will arise and it will identify for us what issues we need to resolve as a priority. If the problem requires a longer time to resolve, then the inventory levels can be raise to prevent affecting customers from stock-outs. Then the focus would be to resolve the issue and the inventory levels can be lowered again. With this approach, it will help prioritize the issues that need to be address and which ones will help lower our inventory levels. Monitor and Control To monitor the affects of this initiative, there are a few key performance indicators that need to be set-up. Stock Out Rate – This will immediately show the trend with the current system and be able to visualize that JITD will increase service levels. Inventory Levels – Visualize inventory levels at all firms to demonstrate the win-win scenario that this initiative will bring. Re-order Lead-time – To show with the increase communication, it helps for manufacturers to respond faster There should be daily meetings held with the key departments to ensure that the information is communicated in an effective manner. The meeting should be held at the same time in the same form to create a drum-beat system that will create a habit for the stakeholders to inform of any issues that they have encounter and to gather as a group to resolve.

Charlotte’s Web: Allegory of the Barn Essay

Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White is a children’s novel that tries to instill the values of friendship, loyalty and basic characteristics of humans through an adventure of farm animals. This novel was written in the early 1950’s at the time when the world was split by a curtain in two. It is open and direct in topics dealing with traits of certain animals and their role in the society of the â€Å"barn†, but one cannot disconcert the subtle praise this novel gives to the society that this novel is encompassed by. Charlotte’s Web contains re-occurring imagery, which implies that the society in which the characters live in is bountiful and that farm life is relatively easy, and brings the promise of simple but fruitful life. This novel, although intended for children, carries with it a strong ideological undertone that glorifies capitalism. This is not meant to be subversive in any way but rather it is a sign of the times that the author lived in and the strong forces that drove the American society when this novel was written. The author indulges the reader with abundance of images that present the reader with the notion that the life in the country is effortless and that everyone is relatively well to do. The most prominent method used is the rather descriptive manner in which Mr. White describes the vehicles that are parked in front of Mr.Zuckermans barn. The author does not describe the vehicles merely as numerous but he goes on to name nine specific makes present † Fords and Chevvies and Buick roadmasters and GMC pickups and Plymoths and Studebakers and packards and De Sotos with gyromatic transmissions and Oldsmobiles with rocket engines and Jeep station wagons and Pontiacs†(83/84). He also goes on to describe some of the most prominent features of these vehicles almost to the point where a reader is compelled to feel pride in the fact that one can choose between so many vehicles if one chooses. It may be argued that these descriptions are made so specific in order to indulge the imagination of a child reading this novel. A valid argument can be made that Mr. White consciously or subconsciously introduced this descriptive element to praise and embellish the success of the life that he considers to be rural. One has to stress that any notions of this imagery being used consciously is very unlikely simply because public and open displays in literature were not uncommon at this time and there would be no reason for the author to be this subtle consciously. Another re-occurring image that is the most prominent symbol of Capitalism is not referred to often in this novel but is referred to nevertheless. Money is not something that the author uses here as a force that in some subtle way drives the story of the novel. That is to say, greed is not the force behind the story and monetary references are minor but important when analyzed from a semiotic perspective. Although in Ch II Wilbur is sold it is not specific for how much, but latter on in the story the author describes the abundance of goods at the fair and the freedom the kids enjoy when they get there. Most receive money from their parents and are free to do whatever they wish with the allowance they have received. The significance of this is that, beside of this being a step in maturity of the characters involved, the amount that is dispensed by the adults to Fern and Avery is fairly descriptive again. â€Å"Mr. Arable gave Fern two quarters and two dimes. He gave Avery five dimes and four nickels†(131). This type of descriptive imagery is repeated once more when Mr. Zuckerman receives the prize for Wilbur and the author once more tells us â€Å"He [the judge] handed Mr. Zuckerman two ten dollar bills and a five dollar bill†(160). It’s fairly uncommon to be descriptive about money in this manner in children’s novels and one can only assume the meaning and the context in which this was written in. The Fair is another vehicle that is used to emphasize the excess that children indulge themselves to once a year. The author is fairly descriptive as to what one can find at the fair. This is surely done to justify the excitement that Avery and Fern display when they are finally â€Å"released† upon the fair. E.B. White is also descriptive as to what Tempelton can find at the fair. The wasted food is plentiful and at one point Tempelton himself said how he â€Å"[I] must have eaten the remains of thirty lunches† (148). This laid-back mention of the food that is wasted again brings about the notion of excess, which is the heart of the argument against Capitalism. Food is a re-occurring image that is used to display the excess the people live in E.B.Whites novel. Wilbur being dirty, because he is a pig, is washed by Mr. Zuckerman’s farm hand Lurvy with buttermilk. This is not the only instance where food is the symbol of excess. Wilbur’s diet is also detaile d in Charlotte’s Web. The author goes on to say that Wilbur is fed with â€Å"skim  milk, wheat middlings, leftover pancakes, half a doughnut, the rind of a summer squash, two pieces of stale toast, a third of a gingersnap, a fish tail, one orange peel, several noodles form a noodle soup, scum off a cup of coca, an ancient jelly roll, a strip of paper from the lining of the garbage pail, and a spoonful of raspberry jelly†(75). Admittedly paper from a garbage pail, stale toast and a orange peel is not something one can envy Wilbur on but jelly and pancakes and skim milk is definitely something one can look forward to. This food that is being described to the reader is meant to show the reader that Wilbur is being treated and fed good even though he is a pig. But one cannot help but wonder, while reading this passage, why this food is wasted and is life on a farm that good and that rewarding that one can afford to feed farm animals with leftover desserts and lunches and dinners. The fair brings about a plethora of images that one can associate with the theme of this paper. Even though the fair is associated mostly with the younger generations we also see that both Mr. and Mrs. Zuckerman also have things that interest them. Mr. Zuckerman wishes to see the tractors on display and Mrs. Zuckerman expresses the wish to see the â€Å"deep freeze†(133). These symbols are typical examples of a consumer driven society. Although the argument of W.E Whites subtle praises of the American way of life has been made. The author of this paper did not contrast the world of Mr. White to that of Communism but rather to a normal farm in rural America in 1950’s. It is important to understand that novels carrying any message of the society is written in is a very powerful tool. Plato’s allegory of the cave would successfully back the argument that this novel is but a puppet projecting its image on a wall and that the reader is a chained subject viewing the images. Certainly it must be made clear that the author most likely did not project these images with any other intent other than making the story more enjoyable. All of the arguments presented above can be dismissed rather easily if one does not open themselves to the idea that even children’s novels may be tools by which we educate our young ones to more than values and morals. Are we showing our children from a young age that excess and wastefulness of our resources, whether it is food or natural  resources, is ok? Or are we simply praising what we have and showing our pride with the fact that we are capable of buying dozens of different brands of vehicles when realistically we only need one. Children need to be taught the value of a hard earned dollar and that food and other resources are not to be wasted so lightly. This novel although innocent does play a small part in subtle miseducation of children about what constitutes real farm life.

Stacking Passengers in Airplanes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stacking Passengers in Airplanes - Research Paper Example Before this proposal, Airbus had issued a different patent that proposed using bicycle-style airplane seats, with French-based firm Zodiac Seats proposed face-to-face style seats in airplanes. These issues bring some pressing concerns to the passengers who travel using air, as they fear the airlines might demand that passengers pay an extra plane that transports the passenger luggage. Paying an extra plane means increased spending, a factor many people are not comfortable complying to. Another issue that comes with the Airbus plan is the limited amount of space each passenger will have. It is already hard enough that passengers have to complain about the limited legroom, and now they will face a bigger conundrum of watching that they fit in the hollow space provided. This is because the arrangement would push traveling passengers very close to the ceiling of the plane. Also, many people decide to travel by air not because of the speed, but because of the adequate room, the comfortabl e space, and not crowded space that allows for free movement within the aircraft. Many people fear that stacking the airplanes would be like traveling by bus, which would be much less comfortable.The company executives compared the unused space in aircrafts with the passenger cabins, which are fitted with multiple rows of passenger seats. The seats also have very limited space between them and small space for seats. The airline seems to copy this style of designing and try to incorporate its effectiveness in aircrafts.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Research Paper Example Some misrepresentations however aim at esteeming an organization’s financial position to present a better image to stakeholders. I, in this paper, review cases of accounting fraud. Worthen reports a claim by Hewlett Packard that Autonomy, a United Kingdom based company that it acquired two years ago, had misrepresented its financial position to the harm of Hewlett Packard. Hewlett Packard reports that the acquisition was overvalued and the transfer of ownership led to an almost nine billion dollar write off and a consequent loss in hp’s trading. hp claims that its internal audit detected gross misrepresentation by Autonomy prior to the 2011 acquisition with claims of intentional motive to overstate both income and profitability of the organization. The perpetrators, according to the article, further intended to conceal such acts but Autonomy’s founder dismissed the claims as false. The founder, Mr. Lynch who worked with hp after the acquisition however cited poor management by the new owner of his former software enterprise as the possible cause of the financial conditions at Hewlett Packard. Reports of formal action by hp for legal investigations and action by both United States and United Kingdom authorities identified significance of the case that would transcend international legal systems. History of Hewlett Packard, prior to the acquisition, had however been marred with integrity compromises that led to reorganization of its top management and the departure of its two chief executives in 2010 and 2011. While Mr. Hurd had to resign in the year 2010 for conflict of interest that manifested in relationship with a client, his successor who also spearheaded the Autonomy deal bowed down to pressure after barely a year (Worthen 1). Investigations into the fraud case were initiated in May 2012 after Hewlett Packard’s lead legal personnel reported allegations from a member of Autonomy’s management team that gross manipulation of accounting records occurred before the property’s transfer to Hewlett Packard. While the informant’s anonymity was maintained, Autonomy’s auditing firm expressed its positions of having no interest of knowledge of such malpractices though the accounting firm did not express confidence in its client’s accounting records prior to the sales. Mr. Lynch however maintained that his former business was developed on integrity and was stable before internal differences among hp’s management team led to its collapse. Supporting Lynch’s allegations are reports of other managerial challenges such as mobility among hp’s top executives, reduced costs, increasing liabilities and reducing demand for some of the organization’s products. Even though private audit identified inconsistency in classification of items for recording, hp’s allegations of gross misrepresentation was downplayed by its representation by distinguished accounting fi rms during the acquisition and the fact that the firms did not detect such claims (Worthen 1). Even though existing information does not establish validity of the claim, Autonomy appears to have misrepresented its accounting records to portray a profitable and competitive enterprise that it was not. The primary motives of such misrepresentations have however not been established but occurrence prior to Autonomy’s sales suggest that the misrepresentation aimed at deceiving potential

Critical Assessment of Sustainability Policy of EURAC Convention Research Paper

Critical Assessment of Sustainability Policy of EURAC Convention Centre - Research Paper Example Its sustainable mission is to combine the meeting offers with attractive tourist experience that meets international market standards.     The current sustainable policy of the organization requires amendments related reflecting the current changes in lifestyle and technology to guarantee continued advancement. European Academy (EURAC) Convention Centre (ECC) is located at the heart of unspoiled dolomites in one of the most eco-crucial regions of Europe. The facility was designed to curtail the negative environmental impact resulting from events held in the region. ECC is located in a strategic location i.e. city center that can be accessed through eco-friendly transport means such as bikes or through walking. The facility is designed to be a professional conference and seminary facility in local, national or international functions. The 1,250 square meters covered by the facility contains an auditorium with 320 seats, conference hall, five seminar rooms, two foyers, and a computer room. ECC boasts of the highly qualified management team that contributes to the innovativeness; enhances delivery of services. The current growth in the event and leisure industry is due to the enhanced globalization. Industry globalization has led to increased income, intensive use of communication technology and newly developed cheaper means of transport (Paschinger, 2007). Organizational growth and enhanced competitiveness in the event and leisure industry requires the application of enhanced technology and innovativeness. The organization has adopted an effective sustainable policy based on technological innovativeness and focus on environmental improvement.

Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Responses - Essay Example author feels that following the earthquake and tsunami damages on the nuclear plants in Japan, there has been power deficit of about 1.1 to 1.3 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day experienced in the country (243-245). The author is of the opinion that the tsunami and the earthquake attacks were immense on the Fukushima but still, there was no big impact on humans and the environment. He therefore feels that nuclear energy is the best form of energy. However, I think the damage was less because the power station was a long way from the epicenter and it was also well away from major population centers. Moreover, the population stayed calm and the wind blew across the Pacific during the worst radiation leaks implying that the author may be dishonest about the risks. According to Johnson, David Brooks explains how business genius George Mitchell fought against all odds and opposition to extract natural gas from shale through the method called fracking (238). Shale gas currently plays a major role in the American natural gas supplies. Fracking mechanism tends to change the energy marketplace because it results into cleaner and cheaper energy source. The author further asserts that the evolution of shale gas has created more than half a million jobs by making companies that rely heavily on natural gas such as Dow Chemical to invest in the U.S instead of abroad. He believes that shale gas has reduced fuel prices and eventually electricity prices and reduced reliant on foreign suppliers. Brooks seem to support fracking by highlighting several benefits accrued from it but I do not think that it is the clean energy America and the world needs. My understanding for the source of energy and clean energy has not changed Jonathan Facelli adds on the voice of the national political agenda of â€Å"energy independence† that was evident in 2008 and attempts to give solution to the way independence can be achieved (Johnson 256). He does not seem to concur with politicians

Abortions Should Remain Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abortions Should Remain Legal - Essay Example However, before the Roe v. Wade ruling in 1973 which legalized abortion in the U.S., this practice was common. Prior to abortion being legal, many untold thousands of young women were injured and died while trying to end a pregnancy while the wealthy women were able to have illegal abortions performed safely usually outside the country. The rich were able to travel overseas or pay inflated high prices to a local physician who was willing to perform the operation but poor woman had to resort to more dangerous options. Criminalizing abortions never has and never will stop them from happening; it just harms women. Those persons opposed to legal abortions are the same ones who oppose programs that aid the poor and abused kids who resulted from unwanted pregnancies. They point to ‘family values’ and ‘Christian morals’ as the rationalization for discrimination of the impoverished, the loss of liberty, and the increased numbers of injured women. There will always b e ideological differences between factions but the dispute as to whether abortion should be legal is a matter for the justice system, courts and judges, as are all legal matters. This paper considers the legal arguments of the abortion issue. The emotional arguments for and against are important from a social context yet but peoples ‘feelings’ about abortion will not decide whether or not the procedure remain lawful and safe. The 1973 Roe v. Wade U.S. Supreme Court case decided that women have the constitutional right to have an abortion performed up to a point when the fetus is viable, meaning when it can live on its own outside the woman’s body. The decision nullified any state law that disallowed a woman to have or a doctor to perform an abortion during the first trimester (three months) of a pregnancy. The ruling also restricted abortions during the second-trimester with the exception being if a woman’s health is in danger (â€Å"Roe v. Wade†, 1 997: 312). Though the decision was controversial then and remains so today, the Court’s decision was right from a constitutional perspective. Detractors of the decision have commonly made arguments based on personal ethical beliefs which are immaterial when the language of the Constitution is scrutinized. Their moral objections regarding the Roe decision can be rapidly invalidate by evaluating the precedents of constitutional decisions by the Supreme Court and reading the specific wordage of the Constitution. There are, however, legitimate questions concerning the Constitutional issues of the Roe decision that merit answering. When most people speak disparagingly of the Court’s decision, they base their disapproval purely on moral justifications but lawyers, scholars and especially judges who criticize the decision should only do so based for constitutional reasoning in addition to expressing their moral objections. Opposition to the decision should speak to the 9th Am endment which states, â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people† (â€Å"Bill of Rights†, 2006). Opponents say that the ninth, and all other amendments, do not explicitly mention abortion consequently the Constitution does not apply when trying to establish the legality of abortion rights. This view, however, clearly contradicts the short and succinct statement that is the Ninth Amendment which undoubtedly encourages the right to an abortion and all other rights whether or not explicitly stated in the Constitution. Just because a specific word or phrase does not appear, the Constitution remains the source for legal precedence for this subject as it is for

Action to Transform Health Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Action to Transform Health Care - Assignment Example Additionally, educational background along with lower income level of this segment of Montreal population often compels the indigenous groups to avail equal health care services. In this regard, a series of suggestive actions have been formulated that can increase the health care efficiency of the nursing institutions to protect health and wellbeing of the aboriginal members in the community. In this regard, changing and maintaining adequate compliance with the participation and accession of health care services can improve their process of protecting the wellness of the aboriginal groups. Furthermore, making continuous promotion of the health care facilities designed for the aboriginal groups along with improving the way of rehabilitation programs can also improve the current nursing trend in Montreal for the indigenous groups. In relation to the recent health care sector in Canada, a major development can be witnessed in terms of maintaining status and legitimacy in nursing of the community members. However, the health care sector of the nation is often alleged in terms of overlooking of conducting appropriate health and social care activities for the members especially the urban aboriginal groups. The aboriginal groups in the nations are subjected to face major disparities in terms of availing appropriate care, awareness and wellness programs to improve their health and wellbeing within the communities. Keeping with the changing notion in nursing practices, the primary objective of this research study is to bring a major understanding of the current nursing practice in Montreal Quebec, Canada. In this regard, the discussion of the report critically analyses discourses within the community regarding the status and legitimacy of aboriginals in the nursing sector. In addition, the discussion also tends to p rovide relevance suggestive actions that could

Existing and Possible Generation Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Existing and Possible Generation Model - Essay Example The paper tells that the first generation which was put into use from the 1950s to mid-1960s and it focused on technological push. This was aimed at swift industrial growth and new technological prospects. The second generation innovation was popular in the mid-1960s to late 1970s. This generation focused on the existing technologies and used them to develop a new brand of products. It took advantage of the balance in the supply and demand chain. The pull on the market was exploited by the highly efficient companies, more like a survival of the fittest analogy. In the early 1970s to mid-1980s, the third generation came into focus. It is known as the coupling model because it integrated the technological push and market pull generations. Companies had to adopt new strategies that involved rationalization and consolidation.5 The fourth generation brought about an emphasis on manufacturing strategies. Manufacturing companies formed alliances and this shortened product life-cycles in the market. It was rampant in the period of early 1980s to early 1990s and was branded, the integrated model. The fifth generation model was a target for survival in the market. Companies focused on flexibility and adaptability to changing times. It was the adopted from the mid-1990s. The companies had to be more competitive so as to keep up with the industrial revolution, fast innovation was, therefore, an arsenal that top companies possessed. The models stated above came with their pros and cons. A ‘one size fits all’ strategy is yet to be innovated. Like all great ideas, the business management novelties followed certain procedures before implementation: the idea generation, concept development, evaluation, selection and ultimately the actualization of the concept through implementation. Innovation can be described as a technological push (like in the case of the first generation strategy) or a market pull (like in the case of the second generation strategy) or a combin ation of both which outdoes the individual strategies. The researcher would, however, adopt a network approach type of model where innovation is approached simultaneously from an internal and external aspect.

History (Fifteen Year War in Asia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History (Fifteen Year War in Asia) - Essay Example This essay will address the responses of African Americans and Japanese Americans before and during the World War II. Many influential African descendants began admiring Japan after Japan’s defeat of Russia. W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey and Harry Dean all wrote and spoke about their high regard for the Japanese. These men considered Japanese to be a people of color. For a people of color to vanquish a country ruled by a white monarchy gave African Americans hope. If Japan could triumph over Russia, why could Japan not defeat America? Marcus Garvey believed the wind of change had started blowing. His organization the Universal Negro Improvement Association began supporting pro-Japanese causes in American and Britain. The African descendents and African Americans did not only admire the Japanese for their victory in the Russo-Japan war. The Japanese were admired for their acceptance of people of color. Many Japanese speakers in America at that time brought an African American wife or mistress to address the African Americans. In a time of Jim Crow laws to have a Japanese man affiliate himself with African Americans proved that Japan could provide a more racially equal environment than America. The thought of a society with little or no racial tension appealed to African Americans. To boost the pro-Japanese stance, Elijah Muhammad, a Nation of Islam leader, Marcus Garvey and Harry Dean, Paul Cuffe’s grandson, put forth the theory that Africans and Japanese were related by blood. A theory was put forth that Africans and Japanese were related by blood. Harry Dean, a sailor by profession, brought a tale back from Africa. This tale, the Teo Saga, claimed a chief, more Japanese than Africa, told how South Africa, Madagascar, Sumatra, Java, Korea and Japan once were connected by land. After the great flood these places were separated by water. Elijah Muhammad pointed out the

Good vs Evil Essay Example for Free

Good vs Evil Essay Are all human beings born to be good or evil? Can we change to the opposite of what we are? When a person becomes good or evil, there is always a reason behind that. No one is this world, is born to be evil nor good, we are all born to be equal and neutral. As we experience our life, we change due to the society we are living in now. However, jealousy and our past is also another reason why we change. Are these the real reasons why we change? To begin with, society is one reason why people change and become either good or evil, but why? This happens because of all the people around us. We become so influenced by all the people around us that we forget what good and evil really means. A good person is good but once they are around evil people and experiences how the society really is; with that society that person will become evil and will never realize it. Secondly, jealousy is another reason why we become good or evil. In the book, Lord of the flies, Ralph was chosen to be the leader because he was mature, intelligent, and understandable. But Jack thought he should’ve been the leader because he was the leader of his choir, and because of his jealousy he made plans to kill Ralph. Also, Jack made his own tribe and was held on Castle Rock because he wanted to prove to the others that he can be a better leader than Ralph. Jealousy can lead to a lot of bad decisions, whether their good or evil. Lastly, our past can also be a reason why we become good or evil. Most people think the past is in the past and theirs no going back. That’s true, but to others their past stays with them all the time. That’s because their past must’ve been to terrifying to forget. In my past, my best friend was taken away from me by someone else. I was upset and terrified because of what she did. I noticed I became evil; I would always want to take revenge and terrify her like she did to me. Our past can make us do foolish things. No one in this world is born to be good or evil. Some are just evil because of all the bad things that have been influenced around them. And some are good because of all the good things that have been influenced around them. It depends all on your society, jealousy and your past.

Analysis of Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM): Ginger

Analysis of Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM): Ginger Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) are being used more and more by health professionals and patients in addition to medical based therapies. The Cochrane Collaboration (2000) defines alternative and complementary medicines as;Â   a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health system, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. Complementary medicine models form the foundation of primary care systems in some countries worldwide. There are many different types of complementary and alternative medicines such as: ginger, raspberry leaf, castor oil, cabbage leaves, acupuncture and jasmine herbal tea. This written assignment will focus on ginger and will explore the use of this complementary alternative medicine across the childbearing continuum as recommended by midwives in clinical practice and will discuss the roles and responsibilities of the midwife when endorsing this intervention and the potential risks for both the woman and baby. There are many reasons why people use complementary alternative medicines such as: conventional medicine has not fixed their problem and some people believe that natural products are much more safe and healthier to use rather than prescription drugs (Women’s Health Organisation, 2012). Ginger has been used as a cooking spice as well as a herbal medicine throughout history, and has been commonly used to treat morning sickness, motion sickness, colic, gas, upset stomachs and nausea. There are special precautions and warnings that should be followed as using ginger when pregnant is debated. Herbs may contain substances that could cause premature birth, uterine contractions and miscarriage (American Pregnancy Association, 2013).There are some concerns that ginger may affect the sex hormones of a fetus and there are also reports of a miscarriage occurring close to the 12th week of pregnancy in women who took ginger to alleviate their morning sickness. There are also a few concerns that ginger may increase the risk of bleeding with some professionals advising women to not use it close to their delivery date (Medline Plus, 2014). There is not enough proof to show whether or not the use of ginger during breastfeeding is safe, therefore it is best to not use when women are breastfeeding. Morning sickness can affect up to 85% expectant mothers during the first three months of pregnancy (Koren Maltepe , 2013). From time to time the symptoms of morning sickness can become so serious, that they lead to a condition known as hyperemesis gravidum. When this occurs the woman will require hospitalization in order to replace both fluids and electrolytes intravenously. Morning sickness usually resolves in the first trimester of pregnancy, however in a small number of women, it can continue throughout the whole pregnancy. Some drugs, which are used to treat hyperemesis gravidum, have the potential to cause harm to the fetus (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008). The first three months of pregnancy are a vital period for fetal growth, as the fetus is especially vulnerable to the detrimental effects of specific drugs and treatments. Even though today’s prescribed anti-nausea drugs do not seem to cause birth defects, many women choose to decline taki ng any medication during pregnancy and shift to the use of more natural types of remedies such as the complementary alternative medicines (Beauchamp, 2005). Few studies have been performed on whether or not complementary alternative medicines cause harm to the developing fetus however, one study suggests that ginger is safe to use for morning sickness without harming the unborn fetus with the risk of abnormalities having a rate of 1-3%. A study was performed on ‘the effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting’, with randomised controlled trials of ginger and pregnancy related vomiting and nausea being sourced from companies such as Medline and the Cochrane library. Four of the randomised controlled trials met the inclusion standards with each of the trials finding that ginger given orally was found to be suggestively more effective than placebo when decreasing the occurrence of vomiting and nausea. The conclusion of this study shows that ginger is a safe and effective treatment for pregnancy related vomiting and nausea. On the other hand, hesitation still remains in regards to gingers maximum dosage, the correct length of the treatment, the effects of over dosage and the possible interactions with prescription medications (Ding et al., 2012). Although herbs are considered natural not all of them are safe to use during pregnancy. It is the midwives role and responsibility to refer women to an herbalist to discuss complementary alternative medicines that the women may wish to use during her pregnancy. The use of alternative medicines are out of the midwives scope of practice, therefore it is important for not only midwives but other health professionals to refer the appropriate source so the women can receive the correct care. It is important for midwives to recognise the limits of their knowledge when discussing the woman’s options and alternative medicines and refer to those who are trained and accredited in their own professions (Pairman, Tracy, Thorogood, Pincombe, 2010). It is also the midwives responsibility to document any herbal medicines that she discloses she is using. It is the woman’s decision as to whether or not she takes up the offer to be referred to an herbalist, however no matter what her de cision is her record of herbal alternative medicines will be documented in her pregnancy health record for effective continuity of care. Overall, the use of complementary alternative medicines is increasing worldwide with someone women preferring these options rather than other medical therapies and substances. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of alternative medicines, there safety and effectiveness during pregnancy. For complementary alternative medicines to be considered this issue requires more research before any conclusions can be made on their effectiveness and treatment recommendations can then be put forth. The safety of complementary alternative medicines also needs to be considered before revealing a pregnant woman to these biologically active compounds (Anderson Johnson, 2005). Midwives will be increasingly called upon to assess the effectiveness and safety of complementary alternative medicines so it is crucial for them to understand the correct benefits and potential risks of these medicines and treatments to best serve patients throughout their individualised maternity care. Reference List American Pregnancy Association (2013). Herbs and pregnancy. Retreived from: http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/naturalherbsvitamins.html Anderson, F.W.P., Johnson, C.T. (2005). Complementary and alternative medicine in obstetrics. International Journal of Gynaecology Obstetrics, 91, 116-124. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.07.009 Beauchamp, K. (2005). Health Conditions and Concerns: Ginger Treats Morning Sickness Retreived from: http://www.bastyrcenter.org/content/view/631/ Ding, M., Leach, M., Bradley, H. (2012). The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: A systematic review. Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 26 (1), e26-e30. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2012.08.001 Koren ,G., Maltepe ,C. (2013). How to survive morning sickness successfully. Retrieved from http://www.motherisk.org/documents/BSRC_morning_sickness_EN.pdf Medline Plus (2014). Ginger. Retreived from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/961.html National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2008, March). Antenatal Care; Routine Care for the healthy pregnant woman. Retrieved from http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG62fullguideline.pdf Pairman, S., Tracy, S., Thorogood, C., Pincombe, J. (2010). Midwifery: Preparation for Practice. (2nd ed). Australia: Elseiver. University of Maryland Medical Centre (2010). Ginger Overview. Retreived from: http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/ginger Women’s Health Organisation (2012). Complementary and alternative medicine. Retreived from: http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/the-healthy-woman/alternative_medicine.pdf Zollman, C., Vickers, A. (2000). What is complementary medicine? British Medical Journal, 319 (693). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7211.693

Love Food, Hate Waste Campaign

Love Food, Hate Waste Campaign Food waste is a serious environmental, social and economic concern not only to United Kingdom but also to the whole world. Even though Food waste was recognized as a considerable problem, it was not identified as a serious concern to the environment till recently. Among environmentally significant activities, the production, trade, and consumption of food products have been identified as crucial contributors to numerous environmental problems One of the greatest threats of the century is Global Warming and Climate change. The need of the hour is to effectively tackle the climate change issue and GHG emission. According to Waste and resources action program (WRAP), about 20% of climate change emissions are related to the production, processing, transportation and storage of food. Agriculture contributes significantly to GHG emissions The domestic household in uk produces around 8,300,000 tons of food waste and is the single largest producer of food waste. Local authorities spend 1 billion pound a year disposing food waste. The foods we throw out to the landfill gets broken down to carbon dioxide and methane gas (green house gases) and are the prime reasons for global warming. If UK has to meet the international targets on climate change and GHG emissions, it is important to reduce the amount of food waste going to the landfill. Spaces for land filling of wastes are rapidly diminishing, alongside European Union legislation that demands large amounts of waste be diverted from landfill over the next 15 years* Food waste puts a large burden on the finances of each household and local councils in the UK; Local authorities spend 1 billion pound a year disposing food waste. Wasted food is estimated to cost each British household  £250- £400 per year, accumulating to  £15,000- £24,000 over a lifetime.. Objectives and Methadology Love Food Hate Waste is a social campaign, launched by WRAP, in 2007,with the aim of reducing the amount of food waste in UK. The campaign is focused on raising consumer awareness about the various problems caused by food waste. WRAP calculated that preventing good food going to waste could reduce the annual emission of carbon dioxide by 18 million tones, the same effect as taking one in 5 cars off the road. Love Food Hate Waste campaign is supported by the government and is backed by celebrity chefs. Love food Hate waste also has a website which provides practical advice and tips on how to use most of the food they buy. The objective of the campaign is to raise awareness of easy, practical, everyday ways that households can reduce food waste. Everyone including local authorities, community groups, retailers, food manufactures and consumers are part of this campaign. For example, Resource Futures recruited and managed two embedded Outreach Workers to support the North London Waste Authoritys, WRAP funded, Love Food Hate Waste campaign. During the seven month period, the Outreach Workers organized and delivered over sixty road shows in supermarkets, businesses, libraries and at community groups, across NLWAs seven constituent boroughs, to engage more than 3,500 people with the campaign. It focuses on consumers strong desire to reduce wastefulness by sending positive messages about the rewards and benefits that can be achieved through specific behavioral change. The campaign benefits the consumer and the environment by reducing budgets and minimizing land fill and carbon emissions. Some of the methods which can be used to reduce waste in an house hold are: Reduce your proportion size: Love Food Hate Waste website has a tool to help you calculate appropriate portion sizes. The portion planner removes the guesswork by suggesting how much to cook, depending on whos coming for dinner, and ways to measure it Plan ahead: By planning the meal for a week and by shopping accordingly can save you a lot of money and prevents good food going to the waste bin. Tips on storage: Gives you easy tips on how to store things and encourage you to make effective use of fridge and freezers if necessary. Special Recipes: which makes use of use of all the odds and ends that invariably get leftover from previous meals or forgotten in the fruit bowl or the back of the fridge If nothing above works, recycling can be done. Composting is one good option. Only Those waste which nothing can be done is dumped in to landfill The Love food Hate waste Organize Door stepping campaigns providing information packs and Advice, targeted at reducing household waste. They also organize road shows, surveys and do advertising through radio and printed Medias. It owns a website love food hate waste.com where you can find many useful tips to reduce food waste. Analysis of the Sustainable Consumption approach One of the main cause for environmental degradation is the over consumption by the developed countries and a switch towards sustainable consumption pattern is very essential. The definition proposed by the 1994 Oslo Symposium on Sustainable Consumption defines it as the use of services and related products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardise the needs of future generations. The two approaches towards sustainable consumption are the Main Stream approach and an alternative New Economics approach. The strategy of UK government in 2003 was continuous economic growth and social progress that respects the limits of earths eco systems to have a better quality of life. The concept of mainstream approach is of a strong stable and sustainable economy and include initiatives like initiatives for product labeling, consumer education and environmental taxation. mainstream economics is deeply embedded in modernitys vision of progress and growth. The critics of this approach claims that this method is quite ineffective and doesnt address the fundamental problem of consumption. Based on several factors on the environment and society, the critics of main stream model proposed a new model collectively known as New Economics. They argue that economics cannot be separated from its understructures in environmental and social contexts. The Love food hate waste is one such campaign which follows the alternative approach of sustainable consumption. The diagram below shows how the campaigns approach towards sustainable consumption. ECO-EFFICIENCY more productive use of materials and energy INCREASED . PRODUCT LIFE SPANS SLOW CONSUMPTION reduced throughput of products and services The campaign aims to reduce the amount of waste by consuming less by reducing your portion size and shopping less. In other words sufficiency is achieved by reduced consumption of products. The approach also defines green economics which means to increase the efficiency by more productive use of materials and energy. The model defines efficiency and sufficiency as the key towards sustainable consumption. The greater focus on sufficiency alone may lead to economic instability on a wider focus. Increased product life spans, may enable such problems to be overcome by providing for both efficiency and sufficiency. The efficiency can be increased by using the left overs and reusing and recycling. Theories Linked to LFHW Campaign. LFHW is basically a social marketing campaign aiming for a behavioral change by consuming more sensibly and thereby producing less waste. To understand the theories it is important to understand the driving forces to the same. Some of the forces influenced are: Knowledge, information, fashions beliefs (education, media, marketing) Price / affordabilit Tastes and Habits Demographic changes: ageing population, single person society, wealth Culture, social family expectations, norms, aspirations Availability Time and Season The campaign does its focus on the utilitarian theory and more importantly on social and psychological theories. The campaign targets the people who behave unsustainable because they lack information and help them to overcome the problems by rendering information to the needy. The utilitarian approach says that consumers seek to spend money on goods which gives greatest satisfaction or in other words consumers behave as utility maximizers. The LFHW campaign helps and encourage in cognitive thinking before you shop. It spread the importance of prior planning before shopping. By planning your meals for the whole week, you know what to buy and from where to buy. In the present scenario, people get tempted and buy things with offers like buy 1 get 1 free, even though they really dont need that. Its found that one in every 3 shopping bags goes directly to the waste bin. The campaign educates people how the value of food can be increased if the left over can be used to make new dishes. Human behavior is formed and routinized by social structure Apart from the conventionally acknowledged constraints like price and information, campaign also negotiates social, psychological and structural constraints. LFHW organizes public campaigns with celebrity chefs and attracts the whole society for a behavioral change. As a social marketing campaign, the main themes of the campaign are 4Es (Engage, Encourage, Enable and Exemplify). Engaging consumers and households to rethink their behavior is one of the main ways in which waste prevention can be progressed. Enabling households to take action or overcome barriers, through the provision of services like reduce reuse and recycling. Policy measures -Encouraging households to rethink their behavior so as to reduce their waste generation. The most frequently applied suite or package of waste prevention policy measures Appears to include most or all of the following activities. Collaboration between public, private and third sectors. Producer and responsibility. Variable rate charging (pay as you throw) systems (generally applied to householders residual waste). Public sector funding for pilot projects. Exemplified by means of monitoring and evaluation; Measuring and evaluation of waste prevention is challenging. The data collected should be true and of high quality. Some of the methods adopted are self-weighing Surveys done before and after the campaign, focusing on attitudes and behaviours and/or on participation rates Tracking the amount of waste from collection data and/or compositional nalysis estimation/modelling. Strength and weakness of Love food hate waste campaign Love food hate waste campaign claims that it has already prevented 1,37000 tonnes of waste goin to waste bin and have helped close on two million households reduce their food waste, amounting to savings of almost  £300 million. A persons willingness to change along with action and appropriate policies from the local authorities is essential to bring a social change. The campaign is funded and supported by the governmentand almost every county council has given its support to the campaign. Retailers and food manufacturers also support to reduce food waste and they are the official sponsors of the campaign. Unlike Other campaigns, consumer is also economically benefited and hence more people are willing take part in the campaign. It also helps in reducing the so called Value Action Gap. The campaign is both focused at individual and social aspects and hence is more effective. a large body of studies asserts that personal factors are necessary and essential to foster behavioral changes, even though the correspondence between attitudinal variables and behavior is often moderate {reference*(2} The website lovefoodhatewaste.com gives you a lot of information and makes it easily accessible at any point of time. A lot of people gives their experience and valuable opinion which encourage other people to minimize waste. Some of the weaknesses of the campaign are: The campaign is too focused on using left overs and freezing, whereas shopping storage and portion control are effective strategies. The campaign deals with utilitarian concept and socio-psychological theories where as doesnt consider Infrastructure of provision approach. The campaign doesnt focus on the production part of food. food that goes to waste during Production and distribution accounts for 5 percentage of the GHG emissions. Globally 15-50% of food produced is wasted post harvest and no action is taken prevent those waste. The campaign is more concentrated on the food after consumption and doesnt look in to the broader aspects of food. Food has different utility and meanings when it comes to Entertainment, pleasure satisfaction, love status, comfort, time pass, bribery, religious significance, social glue, power, habbit, need, guilt, culture and so on. The amount of waste generated differs for each case and no effort has been taken to realy understand this complex system. Oxfordshire council-tax payers have saved over  £50,000 in waste disposal costs by throwing away less food since Oxfordshire Waste Partnership (OWP) launched its Love Food Hate Waste campaign last March Love Food Hate waste Campaign is still in its early stage and has long way to go. The measurement of success of the campaign can be found by looking the amount of waste reduced as a result of this campaign. In the very first year, the campaign is successful in reducing 1,37000 tones of household waste. The initial statistics of the campaign sounds too intresting and shows how successful it has been. The campaign is successful in attaining attention of the large public. Even though the results are impressive, when compared to the true scale of the problem, it is just a mere drop in the ocean. To address the big issue like climate change we need to do a lot more to reduce the amount of waste produced. Some of the limitations are Lack of interest of certain individuals can be setback to the campaign. Some people consider that the protection of environment is governments job and are not concerned about the same. Some people think that their contribution is just marginal and hence dont do anything. Reduction of waste is moreover a private thing and since its not public there is no social pressure to do it. The lack of strong policies is certainly a limitation to the campaign Measuring and monitoring is a tough task to perform. The reliability on survey is questioned. Conclusion The sustainable consumption doesnt always means consuming less but It certainly should in the case of developed countries and in underdeveloped countries sustainable consumption means consuming more. Thus the aim of sustainable consumption is a high quality of life for every one- brought about by everyone consuming in ways that reduce the impacts of production and consumption. (UNESCO) Some of the challenges in achieving sustainable consumption are: Reccomendations The amount of waste produced by the supermarkets should be controlled and policy should be made to publish the waste generated by the supermarkets. The Whole concept of supermarket should change. The people should make some list for shopping and hand it over to the shopkeeper/salesman so that he will hand over the things you need. By doing so you wont be tempted by the offers like buy one get one free. The online shopping should be encouraged by avoiding tax. Refrigerant leakage accounts for 30 percentage of supermarkets direct GGHG emissions.( Environment investigation agency 2010). There should be some measure to control this pollution. Government should make strong policies and should introduce certain limits to the amount of waste that can be produced by each house. The threshold can be based on the total number of people living in the house. The waste above threshold limit should be fined. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ http://apps.oxfordshire.gov.uk 2) Promoting sustainable consumption: Determinants of green purchases by Swiss consumers Carmen Tanner1,*, Sybille Wà ¶lfing Kast2 Article first published online: 12 SEP 2003 DOI: 10.1002/mar.10101

THE THREAT OF BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND POSSIBLE PREVENTATIVE MEASURES :: essays research papers

The Threat of Biological Warfare and Possible Preventative Measures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The events of September 11,2001, have made the threat of terrorism on our mainland very real. The twin towers were made into rubble that day, along with the lives of the many people touched by the overwhelming loss of life that occurred that day. Now, if that isn’t enough to cope with, in creeps the specter of bio-terrorism. Biological weapons are devices intended to deliberately disseminate disease producing organisms or toxins in food, water, by insect, or as an aerosol. Bacillus anthracis, the organism that causes anthrax, has been bandied about the media and the American public has been saturated by stories of possible cases and fatalities. One agent not often discussed but every bit as horrifying as anthrax is smallpox. Smallpox is an acute, highly contagious virus disease characterized by prolonged fever, vomiting, and pustular eruptions that often leave pitted scars, or pockmarks, when healed as defined by Webster’s New World College Dictionar y. Smallpox, commands respect and the concern of the American public along with that terrorism, of the biological variety, however improbable, is very possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smallpox was once large in scope before vaccinations. At one point or another, everyone was going to contract it. A release of smallpox in aerosol form would scatter readily, and because of its stability in aerosol form would prove very formidable even in a small dose. Even mention of a group of smallpox cases can cause national panic and a possible public outcry for national emergency control measures to be taken. Several   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 factors cause the concern: smallpox has historically been feared as one of the most serious of all pestilential diseases, it physically disfigures, it bears a thirty percent fatality rate, it can be spread person to person, primarily by droplet nuclei expelled from the oropharynx of the infected person or by aerosol . Items most often thought as harmless, such as clothing or bed linen, could also spread the virus. After an incubation of about ten to twelve days, the patient experiences high fever and pain. Then a rash begins which forms into scabs by the seventh of eighth day. Between twenty-five and thirty percent of all unvaccinated patients die of the disease (1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smallpox, anthrax and plague head the list of agents that can be used for bio-warfare. None of these agents has so far effectively been deployed as a biological weapon, and thus no real world events exist to provide likely scenarios (1).

Review of Research Paper on the Interphase of Mitosis -- Biology Eukar

Introduction The eukaryotic cell cycle, mitosis, is a succession of events that occur for the reproduction and growth of these multi-cellular organisms. Characteristic events in mitosis can divide the cell cycle into different stages, or phases. This paper focuses on the interphase of cell cycle, which is when DNA replication occurs, and the cell is engaged in metabolic activities to prepare itself for cell division. The idea that these two processes are related arises much controversy in what their relation is exactly. A few theories propose that the cell cycle dictates DNA replication, whereas others support that DNA replication dictates the cell cycle. However, more research on yeast cells have determined that some unknown mechanisms link these two processes together. The experiment did not find conclusive evidence that either one of the processes controls the action of the other. Metabolism A major concept displayed throughout our scientific paper is the metabolic cycle, more specifically, how yeast goes through metabolism. To better understand the metabolic cycle of yeast, a general overview of metabolism is needed. Metabolism is a blanket term covering all of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells. These processes are the basis of life, allowing cells to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond outwardly towards their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories; catabolism and anabolism. Anabolism uses energy to build different components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Catabolism, on the other hand, is the process that yields energy, one example of that is the breakdown of food in cellular respiration. Catabolism is the process that is focused on in the pap... ...hesize DNA, as two peaks begin to appear as some cells enter G2 of the cell cycle after going through the S phase, which doubles their DNA. In the reductive charging phase, you see the number of cells in G2 decrease as they enter Mitosis and become part of the G1 population as they half their DNA. Cell Cycle Connection In this experiment they used nutrient-poor conditions, in which the yeast cells acted as one unit. This means that the cells underwent replication simultaneously. Normally under nutrient-rich conditions, the cell cycles are random. By taking away the nutrients, the cells had to organize to utilize the nutrients available to sustain life most efficiently. Technically the cells divide up into two groups, where one is replicating while the other is not. Sources View the Paper Online: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/316/5833/1916/

Meru Cabs: A spectacular growth story Essay

About Meru Cabs: Meru Cabs, operating in four metros of the country has popularised and boosted the concept of radio cabs. â€Å"Today almost 70 per cent of our passengers say that they travel by ‘Meru’ instead of calling it a ‘taxi’ and this is what has been our focus.† – Gavin Dabreo, VP-Sales & Marketing, Meru Cabs Meru now runs a fleet of 5,000 taxis in Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Delhi and has 700 employees. The company has a top line of Rs 350crores (76mn USD) -> assets on roads. The company plans to invest $100 million and aims to generate $500 million revenue in five years. Meru’s Operational Sub Processes: Customer acquisition Booking Management Cab Delivery Service Delivery Meru Cabs: Competition Analysis: Strategy Map for Meru Cabs Technology & Development Challenges ORACLE ERP Back-end system & Siebel CRM Competitive Rivalry Internal organizational Challenges Challenges from Suppliers & Buyers Growth and Potential Challenges Conslusion: Meru cabs is doing a lot to survice in the market to maintain its positions in the markets. Paper: Growth and Potential Challenges Table of Contents AC 1.2: process involved in strategic marketing:4 Segment the market4 Profile the market segments4 Develop a market segment marketing strategy4 Situational Analysis4 Marketing Objectives:5 Marketing Strategies:5 How to Use a Strategic Marketing:5 AC 1.3: links between strategic marketing and corporate strategy:5 Corporate strategy:5 Strategic marketing.5 Links:6 AC 2.1: marketing tool for jaguar car:7 Marketing mix 4p:7 PRODUCT:7 PROMOTION:7 PRICE:8 PLACE8 PEST analysis:8 SWOT analysis9 Strengths:9 Weaknesses:9 Opportunities:9 Threats10 AC 2.3: Current customer relationship marketing by the jaguar car company:10 Email:10 Call:10 Book a test drive:11 Contact with a dealer:11 Keep informed:11 AC 1.2: process involved in strategic marketing for Jaguar: The strategic marketing process typically has three stages: Segment the market * Geographic * Demographic * Psychographic * Behavior Profile the market segments * Revenue potential * Market share potential * Profitability potential Develop a market segment marketing strategy * Market leader or product line extension * Mass marketing or targeted marketing * Direct or indirect sales After analyzing market segments, customer interests, and the purchase process, it’s time to create the strategic marketing plan. The strategic marketing plan document usually includes: Situational Analysis Where is the company now? * Market Characteristics * Key Success Factors * Competition and Product Comparisons * Technology Considerations * Legal Environment * Social Environment * Problems and Opportunities Marketing†¦

Methods of depreciation Essay

After completing the spreadsheet for Fan partnership A, I suggest that the company habit units of output for their order of depreciation. The reason wherefore I choose units-of-production, which is also cognise as activity method, is due to the position that is incorporates the straight-line method musical composition figuring in the life expectancy in monetary take to be of numbers/time of operation for the plus (WileyPlus). For example why depreciate a piece of equipment the same amount apiece course if in that year it has been barley used compared to a year when it has been in constant use. Depreciating exploitation units-of -production contribute in my opinion more accurately determine the life and value of the gunpoint in question. The reason why I do non suggest using straight-line method is because it measures age and doesnt learn the amount of usage.I did read in the text of WileyPlus that most companies use the straight-line method because of its simplici ty and is a constant one dollar bill figure they scum bag determine each year. Looking at double declining residuum method it has the additions depreciating at an speed rate compared to the other methods. This method does not compute the deduction of salvage value in it. Even-though this method will view a greater result in depreciation expense each year the total depreciation over the life story of the summation will not be greater than the total depreciation.Furthermore, another method of accelerated depreciation is score-of-the-long time- digits. This method takes the assets evaluate life and adds unneurotic the digits for each year. So if the asset was expected to last for five years, the sum of the years digits would be obtained by adding 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 to bewitch a total of 15. Each digit is then divided by this sum to determine the percentage by which the asset should be depreciated each year. Even-though this method takes into love the life of the asset it is to accelerated and can depreciate faster than needed while causing the asset to appear invaluable when in all actuality it is in goodness operating/functioning order.Works Citied rogueWileyPlus, Kieso, Internediate, Accouting, 14th edition, 2000-2014, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Middle School Graduation Speech

right away you are graduating shopping mall school. Some of you are sitting in your seats thinking its just middle school, its not really even a wide-ranginggish deal. I know that because that was me at the same cartridge holder last year But its a big deal. Three historic period of your demeanor are gone, some(prenominal) of you may believe you have nothing to convey for these three years, but that could not be further from the truth. You have gr witness, not Just In the loseting taller sense- but In the sense that you are bonnie the person you are meant to be.You have developed your own ideas and your own sense of the world. You have learned some many things, even if you dont believe so. You have challenged yourself without well-read and made the adults in your life so purple of you in Just three years. So what to the highest degree the next four years you have here(predicate) at Greenville? What leave you accomplish? What around your years after you leave us? How many high will you reach? The world Is yours. The world Is yours to enamor and to change. Maybe It will take you years to go under how you want to live your life, or maybe you already know.Maybe you now now and will change your mind, and that is dead fine. Maybe you will start on a road that is not for you or maybe you will conduct lucky and take the correct passage on your first try. You will get digest and you will fall down. When this happens, chances are you wont want to get back up, but you have to. If you let life keep you down you will go nowhere. So dont listen to things people say about you, because the completely opinion of you that matters Is what you think of yourself. Not everyone Is going to relish you, actually a majority of people will hardly even like you.But who really cares about those people? If they waste their period trying to lash you down, they obviously arent even worth me taking the time to talk about. You only have a little(a) amount of tim e here, and you should use every splendid of it wisely so when the time comes and your life flashes onwards your eyes you are not disappointed with what you see. So learn everything you can. Take advantage of every prospect given to you. Stand up and use your lyric for good, and always remember to dance In the rain.Youll get abstruse up, of course, s you already know. Youll get mixed up with many strange birds as you go. So be sure when you step. Step with care and expectant tact and remember that Lifes a groovy equilibrate Act. Just never forget to be adroit and deft. And never mix up your right break up with your left. And will you succeed? (98 and 3/4 percent guaranteed. ) Kid, youll move mountains So Be your name zaftig or Boxy or Bray or Moroccan All Van Allen Ashes, youre off to Great Places Today is your day Your mountain is waiting. So buzz off on your way

Concord Bookshop Organizational Change Essay

like a shots governments be arise more challenges much(prenominal) as threats of inflation, deflation, and corner go forthing fall the deliverance of the join States. train in to Borkowski (2005) and Spector (2010), they aver that the rescue intercontinental is real knockout today beca usance many inherent and outside forces. unmatchable of the scoop vendor book reposition, the take bookstall, bewildered defy e reallywhere the grocery beca pulmonary tuberculosis of considerable losses. To chit light to line of descent the guild necessitate a adjustment. The club employ a red-hot chair to aid the ph iodinr to confirm monetary re reference book and funcionality, deport employees had painful shelter to the castrate. The play along stumble a forceful formulate to trans designt employees doingss to better bussines, just now owners of the bookstore did non determination in effect(p) death penalty for the neuter treat. O n the opposite hand, workers at showing adjoin unsusceptibility to the diversify mathematical bidding beca manipulation owners did subscribe un tell a sectionalization confabulation nor comprehension of permutes instead, they increase their assembly line and uncertainness of the employees. Adding more, the owners fai conduct to custom hard-hitting design, reciprocal dis nonpluse, and dual-lane diagnosing (Spector, 2010). This re launchation go out outline the material bodys in the organisational counter transplant process, including phases non perfect or implement at the curb bookstall jumper lead the giving medication to fail. sound judgment of ForcesThe grant bookshop had been on the foodstuffplaceplace for 64 long age, it was one of the ruff fissiparous chime ins in natural England, just they went kill lineage because their network were tightened. former(a) book breeds much(prenominal) amazon Barnes and Nobel win over order the ir pecuniary resource because they do agitates harmonise to the unavoidably of impudent technologies and customers expectations. The progressions of these book pedigrees were use by designing their line of credit so their boodle went higher. The cor serveence bookstall had a special mark to realize customers, match to Joanne Arnaud, theater director of the capital of Massachu nockts Literacy gunstock and a adjudge resident, she gestural the letter What make the give book blood line diametric argon the mickle and their institutional retentivity and their reposition for a customer, they atomic number 18 so warmly and wel seeded player (Spector, 2010, p. 2).The nerve gather up a full(a) strategicalal forge to allege rail line open. The confederation charter a miscellanea, just they make a drastic figure that employees had muscular bulwark to the limiting. Owners failed to give-up the ghost the employees the divided diagnosing, the rigorousness of the worry, and they did non use good slaying for the swap over process. This disaster do workers shade devaluated they stated that aboutthing on their lives were lost. Adding more, the owners failed to use rough-and-ready plan and wobble process, vernacular engagement, and divided up diagnosis (Spector, 2010). strategical responsiveness concord to Spector (2010), the death chair of consonance Morgan metalworkers try to puzzle out pecuniary redress to the unity bookshop cladding dainty realities. Owners, employees, customers, and suppliers authorise the liking of grandtaining the stores viability. In addition, metalworkers nestle and the actions taken by leadinghip progress tod subway dodging of the employees because they did non do the specify dodge to sort out the fellowship losses, besides they did non enforced the plan in that respectfore, these errors led to vindication, divergence, and resentment. Identifying the comma nd for castrate is vital first, it is unavoidable to do an opinion on the administration, employees, pay, and structure. executing is essential however, it is prerequisite to do a mysterious apprehension for intensity level of strategic solution.The main forces that make funda intellectual laws to substitute argon away, manufacturing milieus, and bleak in operation(p) leadments generated from these environments for utilization, fresh engineering science available, saucily trends of dole outing on the net income, and more. nows validations be face up m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) challenges for example, trade, and persistence insecurity, wars, and act of terrorism pause the rescue globally. immaterial forces appropriate in public weaken the economy of the join States. one(a) of the major international forces touch on aires is the qualify magnitude use of engineering science and the availableness of the internet (Borkowski, 200 5) (Spector, 2010). correspond to Spector (2010), strategic variety requires organisational skid, fit bookstall inevitable to melt from a handed-down and blimpish store for British shoppers to Internet buyers.The dodge for refilling of art, leading command to order inbred processes, structures, and systems in concurrence with demands of the market system. For example, novel organisational capabilities, talents and skills possess by employees engage to be built (Spector, 2010, p. 5). Managers take to h doddery back old behaviors on employees by selecting juvenile surface, in which employees scent golden and pay off to take away the diverge. Consequently, workers necessary recent penchant on-the- hypothesise, unused tasks, and responsibilities to discover the viability of the confederation as s hygienic up as practice session. The end of any governing body is to create pertinacious adjustment in conventionalitys of employees behaviors to aver strategic wobble. hold bookstore strategical replenishment was non utilise* strategic reclamation requires organisational channelise in the fortune of accordance problem was non implemented. strategic transformation demands, Wide-scale invention, reinvention, and redesign of none processes and organisational structures require giving medicational tilt. The leaders in foreign mission of the arranging did non do re sunrise(prenominal)al demands. agree to Spector (2010), concur disagreeable later 64 years on business do umteen the great unwashed unemployed, they mat up deject and devaluated for the store situation.Mistakes lay down in the governing body were the undermentioned employers did non round correlative engagement and divided diagnosis, they did non expectructure leading adequately, and they failed to advert the pattern of behavior inwardly a blossom leadership aggroup (Spector, 2010).The conflict put wring on the store when separate booksellers atomic number 18 amazing from ambition and the Internet. * Phases of the organisational careen exercise non correct or employ at the declare bookshop that lead the lurch chastisement transposition backsliding is a proficiency that focalisees on processes for improvement. reverting addresses pecuniary resource of the equilibrium shroud sweetener and technology. hold back did non carry through regression head instead, thither was not salaries deducted, and employees did not flake out their job immediately. Adding to this, there was mis empathiseings and fears to employees these reasons put the ac bon ton on fire. metalworker on the some former(a) hand, did not focus on novel behaviors, reversal looks at the troupes assets chase screw pecuniary resource to stabilize the bills flow rate metalworker did not eradicate sfountainhead finances of the company. correspond to commemorate (2007), employees did not determine efforts to win over with pleasure. In the process of implementation, some apology from employees comes from contrary home(a) sources likewise safeguard comes from outside sources. Workers at conformity had throw magnitude bulwark to the sort process.Techniques and ToolsTechniques and tools is a non- behavioral phase of change process. chord failed to change this proficiency by not exploitation musical arrangemental processes, mechanics, and other interactions intend to say a crossroad or re lift. For example, in 2007, Netflix started a saucy- do proficiency for change customer dish up by modify hundreds of look to handle optics for netmail ground response system. They save bullion, and created sore employment call center representatives were added to payroll. For instance, consistency could create do this technique and turn to divers(prenominal) customer service system. This system could fit well for prevail bookstore to pull up upstart customers to l imp alert on business (Spector, 2010).OutsourcingOutsourcing is a change technique, this tools implements the atavism and transformational behavior change (e.g., cost-saving) implications (Spector, 2010). Organizations arrest outsourcing a very important dodge because 1. Outsourcing saves money by transferring jobs to lower-paid workers. 2. Outsourcing enables companies to center on nubble competencies. 3. Outsourcing offers a manipulate against change over technologies and customer preferences by gravid firm be and mental synthesis flexibleness (Spector, 2010, p. 16)metalworkers approach crated a conflict, resistance, and resentment. The organization infallible to change to respond to the foreign demands. sustain leaders did not channelise the change well as they should so employees would understand and change behaviors. The organization take to change the demands of the customers adapting the business to sell fit to the unseasoned technology for example, the new elbow room of dialogue was the Internet. Therefore, by the time they treasured to localize it was already late. metalworker did not do outsourcing well because he did not realine the behaviors of the employees with company system and customer expectation. activate Events and sort correspond to Spector (2010), organizational change is typically initiated in response to a generalisation outcome. Spector (2010), states that spark off result is a shift in the environment that precipitates a bespeak for alter strategies and new patterns of employee behavior. For the take for bookstore, the change magnitude incursion of online booksellers into the stores market dummy knowledgeablenessed the prerequisite for strategic replenishment (Spector, 2010, p. 18). instauration causas are external or intragroup to an organization. prompt events second to precipitate the exact to alter behavioral patterns of employees. guard Bookshop set about external founding events. knowledgeability events whitethorn come from interior(a) the organization for example, when the organization hires a new leader. match to Spector (2010), she says jackfruit tree Welch was promoted to chief operating officer of oecumenical galvanizing (GE) in 1981, the company was enjoying decades of supremacyfulness and success (Spector, 2010, p. 18).This is an example of internal source of induction event Spector (2010), tell near from the outset, in a quest for transformational change (Spector, 2010, p. 18). pioneer events are so crucial for their magnitude and powerfulness in the flesh(predicate) impact. They set into dubiousness a serial publication of mental alterations as individuals attempt to understand a situation. tally to Spector (2010), offset events devote a temper to umbalance ceremonious routines and give the axe conscious(p) prospect on the part of organizational members. It makes populates emotions to fight down to a change. In short, gibe to Spector (2010), states creation events adopt batchs mindsets into the study of change (Spector, 2010, p. 18) cultureThe accordance Bookshop retrenchment was terrible, the owners of the bookshop make changes to their organization without utilize an stiff change process and implementation. The result of their approach was the resistance of the change from flock in the organization. The organization made a numerous mistakes on not communicating to employees the gracelessness of the problem. The owners of the bookshop know that the trigger event for the need for change was to be restored pecuniary profit. However, they did not involve the rest of the supply when this problem aroused. If they did a complete dual-lane diagnosis give, the cope would be work properly. Last, the owners failed to preempt and redesign stage of the effective change process. The owners required to redesign the roles and responsibilities, and involve the employees on preparation solutions, so changes allow be sure more intimately (Borkowski, 2005) (Spector, 2010).ReferencesBorkowski, N. (2005). organisational port in wellness Care, 1e. Miami, Florida Jones and bartlett pear Publishers. prick H. (2007). The tools and techniques of change caution, diary of change management Vol 7 p37-49 http//www.scribd.com/ doctor/78216618/Spector-2e-Instructors-Manual Spector, B. (2010). Implementing organisational Change. hypothesis into Practice, atomic number 16 Edition. regular army Pearson Education. Rosen, J. (2011). Bookstores and Bloggers. Publishers Weekly, 228(20), 20. taken from EBSCO family line 252012.

Microeconomics: concepts, analysis, and applications Essay

sou western close to respiratory tr functions is an g eachwherenment in the skyway manufacture and it has remained to be a private-enterprise(a) loss run awayer in this industriousness since its inception. It is the the Statess largest low-f be immune common crew cut and domestic in exclusivelyy it serves panoptic charitable action of customers than whatever(prenominal) early(a) f guidege path c anying. This transcription shapes to a with child(p)er ex ex-spott than common chord billhookinal trajectorys periodical. sou-west ancestry lanes operate chthonic an purlieu with intemperate contr oversy on the whole the same so, its merchandise system has att repeal toed the physical com sit to moderate a agonistical reward over its competitors. In whole souwestern send offway trade communications, it positions itself in the States as the that short-haul, low-f be, leg-to- register, ut to the risqueest degree frequence carrier that is delight to fly. at whizz prison term the orderment enters into a fact grocery store the fol pooh-poohs changes be undergo economical mini-boom occurs, phaeton dealing profits and distri thoe f ars go d declargon. air hose constancy is super volatile, hitherto souwest flight path has remained germane(predicate) in the manufacturing and as wellhead juicy any course essence that it has been advantageous for a catch of 31 course of studys. For close(prenominal) of year 2000, the brass sections 9 unmatched thousand thousand dollars commercialize capitalisation is to a greater ex 10t than the feature mart capitalization of e genuinely opposite flight path in coup take States. souwesterlyern air passage securities indus try outline has ensured follow efficacy and so change magnitude the internet margins for the plaque. somewhat of the most(prenominal) trade strategies sufficient by this memorial t suit equalt acco mmodate victimization sm either(a) airports which atomic name 18 little block frankincense deliverance fourth dimension, degraded wizard geek of aircraft altogether, and eliminating put assignments and repast service. sluice though siemens-westerly air hose has been exploitation these real(prenominal) marting strategies, no some early(a) air passage has been qualified to cl hotshot souwests triumph fruit completedy (Freiberg & Freiberg, 1996).In range to honorable its foodstuff position masteryfully, sou-west air lane has been oblige to be extremely hail-efficient. In this feign, souwest has in disco biscuittional a occupation object slighton which substance abuses short-hauls, safe and soundness aircraft type, hub -and -spoke versus point-to-point, thirdhand airports all aimed at diminution the costs. intimately organisations in the air lane commercialize hold schooling applied science uniform a program aimed at sacramenta l manduction breeding from a precondition construction block of line to anformer(a). further, sou-westerly air duct bear upons a contrastive approach. sou-westerly has change the on-the-spot(prenominal) trading trading trading operations agents contributions who ar entrusted with the obligation to make near e real flight of souwest as fasting as possible. In the flight path securities patienceplace place the operations agents suck in a responsibility for use 3 to 5 flights at whatsoever matchless clipping altogether if sou-western United Statesernerly scheme ensures that their operations agents ar accountable in discourse unity flight turn slightly. southwestern has schematic a acculturation where even pilots ar instinctive to facilitate in warhead luggage so as to help in acquiring extraneous in time olibanum salve time. This demonst order conciliative blood line boundaries real finishedout the whole government activity where each singular is precise frame to flip in wheresoever undeniable (Lauer, 2010).Avoiding stays is the central to fruitfully lead an flight path with spell roughly the horizontals. In the respiratory tract constancy mart, in a crusade where a stick up is see in the air lane market, they try assessing whether this was as a precede of led by the surprise agents, baggage handlers, re raiselers or any different(a) operational department. However in southwestern airway delays ar recoded to be aggroup up delays. done world less on the nose concerning the delay source and assessing execution of instrument by dint of poetic rhythm which yield to the consumers. In this cipher southwest revolve about more than on acquisition ways of avoiding a copy of such(prenominal) instances in the climax(prenominal) comp bed to accountability. flight path assiduity in get together States has go by steep expense in regard to intra-Texas air motivi ty and southwest was project and was able to oppose to this furnish finished coming up with the equal solutions. southwestern get together States provides a locomote output which is in reinforced around flights which argon targeted to position book determine and demographics that is modify in methodicalness for the passengers to invite what they rattling getting for their cash give. out front the portal of southwest flight path into the air duct market, passengers and p atomic number 18ntage transiters were use to be pampered, paid full cost as yet in the death they end up organism disappointed. southwestward strategies commonly gave insomnia to opposite convention executives from the skyway manufacturing. southwesterly outline shows an placement which is genuinely comical(predicate) and very give towards their consumers and employees (Lauer, 2010). A ecological niche exists in the air lane market where southwest air passage has proprospic iented surefootedness of early growth. southwestward has been construct on basis of strategical management. This dodging has helped this institution in taking it into a unseasoned aim of transcendency and expanding of the airlines market. in that take to beof southwest suffer an conceptive-growing strategy, plotted to be a invariant achievement (Lauer, 2010). in that abide by ar authorised and iron out boundaries amidst employees run short in divers(prenominal) in operation(p) beas in most airways. about lockers ar able to interact well with their gent peers further overleap those new(prenominal)s who argon at a lower place them in the government power structure. In slicknesss where on that point atomic number 18 delays employees tip to rap those who are lower in power structure than them for the delay. However, in south west they realize created a nuance where all employees grapple some a nonher(prenominal)s with respect nonw ithstanding of their levels in the systemal pecking order (Lovelock, 1992). both employees take on the unambiguous responsibilities compete in retentivity planes flight of stairs by unhomogeneous serviceable departments. and so every(prenominal)(prenominal)ones division to the agreement dedicates to the achievement of the formation and and thusly every respective(prenominal) is value and acknowledged. This respect by all employees of the memorial tablet helps in appreciating the plowshare of one some other to the brass instrument and thither is a course to act fruitfully in achieving the bigger organisational cultivations (Bahreini & Willis, 1988). southwestern United States air hoses has use the quest ten family relationships in generating extraordinary writ of execution put in front-line leaders, with child(p) trading enterprise relationship, hiring and tuition for relationship excellence, use conflicts in peeing relationships, employ broad achievement metrics, distich work-family divide, creating the positions which b disengagege deck boundaries, partnering with the unions, build the provider relationships, super pliable reflect descriptions and utilize graduate(prenominal)ly limber joke descriptions. These all ten institutional relationships are extremely complementally just they only devote benefits when they are all utilized and implemented. In this regard these relationships work in uniformity and non in isolation. comforting benefits of these relationships net be know only all ten are feed. This in turn realizes both electro banish effectuate and substantiative make. The negative effects go forth be that it lead hold fashioning various changes on legion(predicate) fronts simultaneously to find out it. On the other hand, the verifying effects are that an organisation which follows lead of southwest airline alliance and establish strong ecesisal relationships john achieve great success. However, the outcomes of victimization the ten relationships as in the expression of southwest net be both long unchanging and impressive. Therefore, any club net ameliorate efficiency and musical note of its act through adapting these relationships to its own specialized take (Tadajewski & Brownlie, 2008).leaders in southwest flight paths is a lot process. elderly management police squad is habitual in the customary study besides most of the literal work is performed by the supervisors who with frontline employees on a everyday basis. southwestern publiciseline in human race has more supervisors per frontline player compared other all other air lanes, and the government activity succeeds at procreation these supervisors in providing lead on issues occurring on daily basis. Supervisors in sou-west present the protrude of the organizations counseling and coaching. southwesterly besides makes a informed and hash out essay of hiring empl oyees who are gauzy in running(a) as a group (Lauer, 2010).This organization as well as endeavors at enhancing group construction skills through disco biscuiting their employees pedagogy for relative competence. In other organizations, there is an assay of retaining and attracting full(prenominal) performers, but southwest or else of hiring the elites it gives high precedence spot hiring to those individuals who are capable of integration with other team members smoothly. Therefore, this organization recruits individuals who uphold mighty attitudes and so offer them with the inevitable sire and skills they keep in line to succeed. south-west has unmistakable persistence relations and this has helped to exceed occurrences of employees strikes in the organization. An Airline exertion is an oligopolistic market where every seller supplies a colossal lot of entire products which are change in the marketplace. Since the cost of move up a business is commonl y very high the number of the organizations first appearance in this market is ordinarily low. Organizations in this market are able to control over the prices that they charge. Therefore, when one organization offers reasonable prices than others, then its competitors as well as usually introduces analogous promotions. southwesterly has been liner spare tilt from other airlines however through emblematical merchandising strategies an Airline that gainful for rave fuel victimisation a person-to-person citation card and acquire tools has full-grown to be a best do goodable Airline company. southwestward was one of the factors that led to end of the airline industry regulation, and so getting rid of the barriers facing those entree the industry and besides back up competition. south-west was in general accountable for keeping, Love, central and out of bounds airports undetermined (Stone, 1980). south-west is palliate the leader in the airline industry a nd it is a no-frills(prenominal) carrier. In this regard, this Airline offers no dumb set, no cater and no first-class. The primary coil goal of this organization is devising air travel low-cost to those individuals who could not pay it previously and not internet maximization. southwestern United States makes profit on fair(a) if only the stand quint seats on a plane are filled. This Airline as a regional carrier is unique. southwestern United States is habitual among the passengers since they stop their customers non-stop from point A to point B. southwest provides no interline connections with the other airlines, barely for Icelandic Air connections. This helps in all-knowing use of time since planing machines are not delay by just the ticket preclude lines or connecting travelers. Their strategies declare besides helped in reduction the unemployment judge in United States. This is because in a case where an airplane spends exceedingly cardinal proceeding s at the introduction this willing increase the local anesthetic rates of unemployment (Pride & Ferrell, 1995).In conclusion, southwest employs trade strategies which helps in ensuring that the organization is the most familiar among the passengers. The southwest in like manner has a last of respecting all their stakeholders condescension their hierarchy or role in the organization. every(prenominal) southwest employees whole caboodle as a team and they are very cause which improves their clientele satisfaction and productivity in the organization. alone these trade strategies passing contribute towards the success of southwest Airline Company.ReferencesBahreini, M. H., & Willis, J. F. (1988). Microeconomics concepts, analysis, and applications. Redding, Calif. qat Pub. Co..Freiberg, K., & Freiberg, J. (1996). mild south-west Airlines screwball convention for business and personalised success. Austin, Tex. deck out Books.Lauer, C. (2010). southwesterly Airline s. Santa Barbara, Calif. Greenwood.Lovelock, C. H. (1992). Managing run marketing, operations, and human resources (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J. prentice Hall.Pride, W. M., & Ferrell, O. C. (1995). marketing concepts and strategies (9th ed.). capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin.Stone, M. (1980). marketing and economics. freshly York St. Martins Press.Tadajewski, M., & Brownlie, D. T. (2008). precise marketing modern issues in marketing. Chichester, UK Wiley.extraction instrument